IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


,^^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1^  l^ 

1^    12.2 


11.25  11.4 


1.6 


V] 


7 


'/ 


¥ 


•  • 


lillC 


Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M5S0 

(716)  872-4S03 


4io 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


Th 
to 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  uny  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsqua  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  M  filmAes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 


7 


■v/ 


D 
D 
D 
D 

n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pa^38  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Ori 
bei 
th( 
sio 
ot^ 
fir! 
sio 
or 


Th( 
sht 

Tl^ 

wh 

Ma 
difl 
ent 
beg 
rigl 
req 
me' 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  .aux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

University  of  Victoria 
IMcPherson  Library 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  nnd  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  cov<>r«  qre  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6n6resit6  de: 

Univeriity  of  Victoria 
McPherson  Library 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduite .  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sent  filmds  en  commenqant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiirri<Ss  on  commandant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  6tre 
filmds  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd.  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

u^"^ ' 


m^ 


eAUo  me  i$»t9»* 


\] 


it' 


UNIVERSITY 

OF  VICTORIA 

LIBRARY 


wmmK/mimmi  .      '  w«  -f'^T'^"^'-*  '  "*  '-ST'' '  'T* 


I< 


■^■■NHilifP 


ealio  Ht  iSayoj^ 


OR 


THE  PLACE  OF  CAPE  COD  IN  THE 
OLD  CARTOLOGY 

WITH  NOTES  ON  THE  NEIGHBORING  COASTS. 


Revised  from  the  New-England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register, 
January,  1881. 


Un  cap  qui  est  haute  terre. 

Allefonsce. 
A  mighty  headland. 

GOSNOLD. 


By  B.   F.   De  COSTA. 


NEW   YORK: 

THOMAS    WHITTAKER, 

I  SS  I. 


Boston  :    Press  of  David  Clapp  &  Son. 


CABO  DE  BAXOS. 


IF  tlio  bold  forflaiiil  known  as  Ca|)(i  Cod  could  fniino  aiticnlatc  s])occIi, 
what  a  story  its  stonn-swcjit,  slioros  !nij,dit  tell.  It  has  looked  out 
tlii'oinjii  scuddinj;  mists  ujion  the  cntcrprisi!,  tlio  iiopcs  and  f'cai's  of  many 
nations,  llislorics  havi^  Ihmii  cnjiuJiihcd  in  its  wavi's  and  iimii'd  in  its 
sands.  Cape  Cod,  howi^vcr,  is  siini)ly  tho  wreck  of  an  old  and  moro  ex- 
tensive promontory.  Kveii  since  I  lie  seventeenth  century  large  portions  of 
its  coast  have  heeii  devoured  jiy  the  sea. 

At  some  distant  period  the  capo  was  connected  with  the  neighl)oring 
isles,  though  a  portion  of  th<!  islands  tlujinselves  have  now  disappeare<l. 
The  trreat  shallows  tell  of  islands  that  onci!  rose  aliove  the  waves.  In  tho 
year  17(U  the  "  Sloop  Mary  "  anchored  under  the  lee  of  an  island  of  which 
111)  vesti''(;  now  remains.*  Nevertlieless,  at  the  he^'ininn}'  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  when  tiie  French  and  Spanish  navij^'ators  came  U|ioii  the  coast,  it 
presented  sul)stantially  tjie  same  asjieet  as  to-day.  Then,  as  now,  the  mark- 
ed feature  of  tiio  coast  was  found  in  tho  great  rifl's  which  maintained  a 
deafening  roar,  even  at  a  distance  being  ominous  in  tho  mariner's  ear.  Tho 
floor  of  the  sea  was  literally  ploughed  up  by  the  roaring  tide.  The  classic 
age,  however,  had  passed  away,  anil  tho  sailors,  instead  of  referring  to  Scyl- 
la  and  Charybdis,  applied  other  but  not  less  emphatic  names,  which,  what- 
ever may  have  boon  the  language,  always  signified  the  same  thing — The 
Shoals;  while  the  cape  was  known  as  Tin;  Cai-i-:  ov  tiik  Shoals.  Vcr- 
razano  employed  tho  term  "  sirtis,"  though  others  used  such  words  as 
"arrecifes,"  '•  faralones,"  "  mallebarre,"  "baturier"  and  "  Baxos." 

In  his  letter  to  Francis  I.  Verrazano  does  not  mention  tho  syrtis,  though 
tho  description  of  his  voyage  im])lies  a  passage  around  the  cape.  Tho 
shoals  were  probably  described  in  the  "little  iiook"  to  which  ho  refers  as 
containing  details,  while  the  map  of  his  brother  shows  them  prominently, 
the  land  opposite  being  called  "  C.  deila  IJu^sa,"  which  seems  to  be  the 
eiiuivalent  of  "  l)aturii'r,"  applied  in  following  time.  In  the  old  eartology, 
therefore,  Cape  Cod,  under  various  names,  is  constantly  coining  to  notice. 
Two  other  points  arc;  also  indicated,  and  with  even  more  prominence. 
These  are  Sandy  I  look  and  the  IJay  of  Fundy.  It  is,  indeed,  by  the  care- 
ful study  of  these  three  features  of  the  old  maps  that  we  are  able  to  fix  upon 

•  "  .Idurniil  of  the  voviiKi' of  till' Sloop  Maiy,"  fiv.    Albany,  ISGG,  p.  2".    "  rrc-coliim- 
blnn  UlBcovery,"  p.  i'9,"uiid  tlic  Uegisteu,  xviii.  37. 


flio  Iriic  |ilii('(!  of  ('!i|i(<  ('(111,  and  to  iiiilicatc  liow  well  it  was  known  to  tlio 
Kailiirs  ami  ycoiiraiilicrs  oCiJii'  sixticnlli  cnitniv. 

'I'lii'si'  iliri'c  jMiiiiis  arc  iiiil  inilicaicil  u|iiiii  cmtv  nia|i,  tlioii<{li  oiic,  ami 
wr.  liiiglil  iviii  sav  two,  aic  i-cldoni  wanlioL,'.  Ki'Icicncc.  Ihiwi'M'!',  vill  liu 
mailii  almost  (wclii-ivt'lv  to  iIiomi  Id'aiin;,'  tlu'  tliri'dnlil  minifnclalmv. 
Tlii'Ho  art'  Ko  hiiiniiroiis,  ihat,  taki'ii  in  cuniu'ction  witli  written  iliiscripliun!! 
of  tlie  coast,  tlu'V  tlx  tlu^  iilcntitv  of  tlm  inacos  licyond  (|ii(;slion.* 

Till'  earliest  map  tliat  lias  any  liearin;^  upon  this  sniiject  i»  tlio  nnnny- 
inoiis  map  of  l")'J7,  uliiili  shows  Sandy  Hook  as  '•  c.  d.  aronus,"  whiio 
eastward  is  the  word  "liiilfo"  which  may  indicati^  the  I'lay  of  Kundy.  In 
1. ')■_".)  we  have  tin;  map  of  Kihini,  whi<'h  is  similar  to  the  map  of  ir>27, 
thoinih  it  lia>  mole  cdasi  names,  licsidcs  Sandy  Hook  and  ••;;ollo  "  is  tlio 
indication  of  ■•  I',  de  aiicifes,"  ihoM!.di  it  is  placi'd  i- islward  of  what  seems 
to  havu  heen  intended  foi'  onr  Cape  Cod.  These  two  maps  represent  tho 
voyage  of  (iouiez,  ahout  which  litth;  is  known.  It  was  evidently  a  partial 
survey,  whitJi  acconnt."'  for  the  failur  if  the  ma|)s.  On  tint  other  hand. 
Verra/.ano  examiueil  the  coast  from  iiu;  Caroliuas  tfi  New  Fuiindland,  and 
his  map  is  more  definite.  On  this  map,  besides  the  "  sirtis  "  luid  "  hiissa," 
indieatiin,'  (  apu  Cod,  we  liiid  the  Hay  of  Fniidy,  while  tin;  Cape  of 
Sandy  Hook  is  also  ,tell  defined,  the  name  beiiii;  "  Laimietto."t  These 
three  points  were  never  hist  sicht  of.  The  names  were  fi'ei|uently  chanjjed, 
Sandy  Hook  often  beinj,'  called  tlit;  Cajie  of  .St.  Mary  or  St.  tFohii.  To 
Verrazano  belonjis  tlu!  ciedit  of  jiiviiii;  these  points  their  first  definition, 
while  his  delineation  of  Sandy  Hook  exercised  a  CDiitrolling  influence  over 
French  map  makers  for  nearly  a  huiidied  years. 

Pa.ssinj;  by  such  maps  as  that  of  Hamiisio,  l,');!!,  and  the  rropa<,'and:i 
map  of  tli(^  same  period. t  let  iis  iiroceed  to  the  map  of  Alonz(j  Chaves,  as 
deseribetl  by  Oviedo  in  l.").'!?,  who  sets  Hiliero  aside  until  at\er  passin;^ 
northward  of  Cape  lireton,  a  reijion  evidently  not  included  by  Chaves.!; 
Drawiiii;  n|ioii  the  map  of  Chaves.  OvieiUi  shows  much  knowh'di;e  of  the 
three  points  under  notice.  The  latitudes  art!  incorrect,  but  tiiis  is  the  case 
with  maps  |ii  },'eneral  at  that  [leriod.  The  Cape  of  the  Arenas  is  put  too 
far  south.  The  latitude  of  the  Hudson,  however,  is  nearly  right,  beiny  in 
41°  N.,  and  the  situation  is  described  perfectly.  Thei/ce,  Oviedo  says,  the 
coast  stretches  iiorth-easleiiy  to  Cape  "  Arrt>cifes  ;"  while  at  a  point  far- 
ther on  is  the  Hay  of  Kimdy,  calh'il  "  IJahia  ih;  hi  Knseiiada."  The  dis- 
tances, like  the  latitudes,  are  inaccurate,  but  the  main  features  of  tlu;  coast 
are  well  described.  The  Hudson  (Uio  .S.  Antonio)  is  depictetl  as  running 
north  and  south,  while  eastward,  beyond  Arrecifes,  there  is  an  "arcliipela- 
go."||  This  description  alone  would  be  sulUcient  to  establish  the  identity 
of  Ca|)e  C()<1,  called  "Arrecifes,"  or  the  "  Ueef  Cajie."  This  latter  word, 
it  should  be  observed,  is  Arabic,  aiid  is  related  to  the  Knglisli  "  reef;"  but, 
as  th(!  Castilian  toiigiK!  improved,  the  word  fell  out  of  use,  and  the  jiiiru 
Spanish  wold  "liaxos"  generally  took  its  place,  though  on  some  charts 
the  old  "arrecifes"  was  retained.  The  failiiie  to  understand  this  lias  led 
to  much  confusion,  some  supposing  that  the  two  names  referred  to  separate 
cajies. 

Let  us  next  glance  rapidly  through  some  of  the  maps  of  this  period,  tak- 

*  A  loiirlli  poiiii  nii^'lit  lie  iii(  linlcil,  ns  Cii|i('  liivton  stnmls  on  the  rii!i|H  jiropiM-ly  ref'.itcd 
to  wliiit  n'lnoM'iUril  tln'  Day  of  l^'iiinly.     This,  hcuvcvcr,  will  lie  lulitli  I'ur  giiiiitcil. 

t  PdSsihlv  tills  iianu'  was  iiiiss|iclieil  liy  tljo  (li,iiii.'lit>niaii. 

t  iMiiiii.riii   '•  Viinizaiii)  the  lOxplincr;"  p. /i;),  liainis  &  Co.,  l.SSO.  \\  Jhid. 

I]  lli^Kiria  fioiurai  y  Naliiial  ile  las  liidius,"  &l\  Touio  I.  (sfyumla  parte )  lu  UG,  cd, 
18/.',  ami  Hist.  Ma^'iiziiie,  ISGG,  p.  372. 


iiii;  fipH,  tlio  R()-cii11ci1  "  ("ultot  Mii|)  "  (if  1.'I2.  Tliis  map  sliows  Sandy 
!!ci</k  ilclinih'ly.  us  "  C:  dc  S;  .Iimii,"  uliilc  "  ('ii|i((  dc  aiaccff  "  ntands  lor 
('i»|ii^  Cod,  ami  "  rio  t'oiido  "  Cor  tin-  Hay  »(  Kinidy.  It  is  not  iiicaiit,  of 
coiii'.sc,  that  ill  tlii'sc  cases  ('a|i(!  Cod  is  ddtiiird  ]i\  oii/liin;  \t\il  vntUcr  lliat 
this  iiaiiii)  in  plnwd  rvlallrfl/i  wlicro  tlic  rape  oii;;lit  to  Itc*  'I'lie  dcfini- 
liiiii  is  found  in  siicii  writers  as  Ovicdo,  wlio.  at  the  point  of  tiie  Heef  Cape, 
jescrilies  a  iie;idhind  pushing'  into  the  si;i,  wiiji  ji  ijreat  liav  lieyond  and  hi 


liiiid  it.      Vet    howevc 


r  conventional 


-•   represeiitation   of  ih(^   niap,    the 


thren  points  are  laid  down  near  their  true  latilmles,  w  proportional  distaneo 
apart.t  ll'"  map  of  Henry  IV'.  shows  "C.  de  Sahious  "  (Sandy  Hook) 
and  •■  Les  Condes''   (Fimdy).   Imt  Capo  Cod    is   wantiiij,'.t      Ma|)    X. 


Kniistinun's  Alias,  sliows    "  C:  do  I 


IS  arenas, 


•C.  do  I 


o  las  i^axas, 


(1 


'•  Condes."     "  Saxas  "  is  simply  a  corriiption  of  Haxos. 

A  copy  of  the  iiiipiildished  nia|i  of  .John  Uoi/,  1.">I2,  in  [)ossessioii  of  the 
writer,  shows  Sandy  Hook,  and  a  point  of  land  aii^weriiif,'  to  Cape  Cod, 
east  of  which  is  a  liay  correspoiidinjr  to  .Massaclmsells  Hay.  An  a'"  ieut 
•Spanisii  mapii  of  the  same  period  shows  ■•  c:  di^  s:  joan,"  '•  K.  de  las  farelones  " 


(1 


s   oiKt  ot   those   worid-wioe   t<.'liiis   s 


siifinfv- 


iiij;  oiitlyiii}^  rocks  and  slutals.  while  "  uncones  "  stands  for  "  fondo,"  indi- 
catiii;i  a  dc  ■,  liay.  Tiio  fact  thut  in  this  case  "farelones"  is  connected 
with  a  river  forms  no  ohjeclion.  'J'he  Hay  of  Kniidy  is  often  called  a  rivor, 
and  is  sonietimcR  indicated  i)y  <'iijw  "  fiindo."  The  characteristic  thinj;  on 
these  old  conventional  maps  is  the  main  term,  as  the?  map  maker  was  often 
coid'iised  in  its  .application,  and  readily  chani;e(l  the  'V/yjc  of  Faraloiies  into 
"river"  or  "hay."  In  ir)t2  Mercator  pnhlished  the  plans  of  a  yioiif,  and 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Norlh  .\nierica  he  u'ave  '•  C.  .S.  johan  "  for  Samly 
Hook,  and  "  Caho  d.  .Malaltrij;o  "  ( i!ad  shelter)  for  Cape  Cod.  Ktinoy  is 
not  shown,  hut  a  hay  perhaps  intended  ?tv  Long  Island  Sound  is  called 
"  liaiii  lioiido,"  a  name  elsewliere  not  applieil  to  that  coast.  I'rohahly  this 
was  carelessness  on  the  part  of  the  engraver,  who  should  liav(!  placed 
"  liondo  "  east  of  "  inalal)ri<,'o,"  ;i  corruption  of  iJaxos.  if  not  intende<l  as  an 
e(|uivalent.  (ioniara  may  lie  ipioted  next  to  confirm  our  interpretation  of 
the  maps.  In  !.").")"(  this  writer  gives  tin;  tiirec  main  points,  tiioiigh,  like 
some  map  makers,  he  puts  Cabo  de  Arenas  (.Sandy  Hook)  loo  far  south  of 
the  Uiver  San  Antonio,  iiiid  computes  the  distance  from  tliat  river  to  "  Cabo 
IJajo,"  or  Cape  Cod,  at  more  tliaii  a  hundred  leagues.  Thence  to  Hio  F'":- 
do  he  computes  it  at  alioiit  one  iiundred  anil  sixty. ||  Iluinlioldt,  however, 
ill  such  comiectioiis,  teaches  us  that  distances  are  not  to  bo   relied   upon ; 

•  There  WI1K  a  iircnt  ileal  of  rljriility  ami  i-oiiveiilioiinlity  iiluiiu  tlio  work  ol'  llie  early  car- 
tO)!ra)iliers,  wlio,  in  tlie  aliseneu  of  aVenrate  t-urveys,  wmilil  |iul  Ilie  nnmes  of  capes  and 
bays  on  the  honler  ol' the  lonst  withont  atteniptinf;  to  inilirate  their/oim.?.  lieside",  their 
wiirk  was  ilonu  on  a  small  .scale  that  H'rionsly  iiiterHieil  with  the  j'liirodnetion  of  iletails. 
Thns  points  were  not  inilieateil  except  liy  name.  The  ease  of  ,"<anily  Iloiil;  is  a  tiotahio 
exception,  mid  for  the  reason  that  the  ^'leat  hay  of  New  Voik  was  a  safe  iVMirt  for  mari- 
ners, and  thus  was  exploied,  lou'elher  with  the  pinnMni'iit  headlands.  Ca])!'  Cod,  on  llio 
other  hand,  Ihonfih  well  known,  was  a  dant,'erons  ana  unprolitable  plaee  tliat  was  newr 
exploreil  with  any  eare.  The  hariior  of  New  York  appears  lo  h  ive  lieen  vi-iicd  liy  lliu 
l-'reneli  prior  to  \M'ii,  as  I'.ihanlt,  s)ieakin,i.'  of  the  "  xl  deLirees,"  mentions  "  the  deelaraticni 
made  vi.to  vs  of  onr  Pilots  anil'sonie  olliers  that  had  liefore  lieen  at  >onie  of  those  plaees 
where  we  purposed  to  sail."  Hivers  Voyaifes,  p.  111.  On  the  Veriazaiai  map  Cape  Cod  is 
proinineiitlv  inilieateil  hy  the  shoals,  hiit  afterwards,  down  to  the  seventeeiitli  century,  it 
is  known  hy  the  names  plaied  on  the  eoast. 

t  .See  the  map  In  Joiiiard's  "  Monuments  de  hi  Geographic." 

t  Ibid. 

v^  Carta  de  Indies,  Madrid,  1S79. 

II  llisloria  (Jeneral  de  las  Indias  y  niievo  niundo,  p.  !•,  Tome  ii.,  ed.  I'm.;,  udlteil  hy  liar- 
eia.     Hist.  Maga/.tiii.',  ISOB,  p.  3(18. 


il 


and  we  therefore  repeat  that  the  three  jMiiits  on  the  coast  are  iiivarialily 
placed  near  tlieir  proper  kjcalities,  and  are  ])roportioiiately  distant  from  one 
anotlier.  As  hiteas  the  seventeentli  century,  tlie  distance  lietween  Alexan- 
dria and  Marseilles  was  overstated  hy  five  linndrt'd  miles. 

^v  \t  notice  the  map  of  Mercator,  laCiO.  wliich,  so  far  as  it  concerns  the 
geography  of  the  coast  northward  from  Sandy  Hook,  was  more  or  less  a 
failure.  This  map  .shows  the  three  features  upon  which  W(!  an;  dwelling, 
hut  a  part  of  the  work  is  in  duplicate.  Kls(!wher(!  the  writer  has  shown 
liow  this  hap])eiieil,  resulting  iu  a  douhle  representation  of  tin;  Island  called 
by  Verrazano  "  Luisa."  This  island  Jlercator  calls  "  Claudia,"  and  again 
"  Briso,"*  not  knowing  that  "  IJriso  "  was  a  corruption  of  "  Luisa,"  and 
tliat  the  two  names  referred  to  the  same  thing.  "V.  de  Lexus  "  stands  for 
"  IJaxos,"  the  "Lexus"  heiug  a  corruption  of  "  Haxos."  "  ('.  de  Lexus," 
liowev(>r.  is  properlj- connected  with  Claudia  (Luisa),  the  modern  Hloek 
Island,  oil' Newport.  The  position  of  "  Lexus"  in  its  I'elation  to  the  Hay 
of  Fimdy  (O.  de  his  CiukIck)  and  Sandy  Hook  (('.  de  arenas)  show.s  that 
such  a  ]ilace  as  Cape  Coil  was  well  known.  Hesides,  he  puts  his  Cape  de 
Lexus  ill  the  right  latitude,  that  is  near  41°  N.  His  mistake  consisted  in 
putting  Claudia  and  Lexus  too  far  east,  and  in  putting  the  I'enohscot  west 
of  these  points.  The  latitude  of  (  iaudia  was  lixed  from  the  data  in  the 
letter  of  Verra/ano.  which,  however  did  not  give  tin'  longitude.  Neverthe- 
less, on  the  map  of  ^Icreator,  as  on  the  map  of  Verrazano,  and  as  stated 
in  the  letter  of  Verrazano,  Claudia  was  represcnti.'d  ap])roaclial»le  from  the 
west  liy  water.  When,  therefore,  INIercator's  map  is  corrected,  as  respects 
Norumhega  or  tlie  Penohscot,  it  is  found  to  show  a  suhstaiitial  resemhlance 
to  Verrazano.  The  Ortelius  of  loTO-IoTS,  \>ui>  and  L")?!),  copies  the 
errors  of  Mercator  too  closely,  hut  it  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  upon  the 
work  in  detail,  as  it  sullices  to  obicrve  that  the  delineations  of  Ortelius 
maintain  the  identity  of  IJaxos.  Ortelius,  like  Mercator,  jiuts  Lexus  and 
Claudia  in  tlie  right  latitude,  and  the  l>ay  of  Fundy  (IJ.  de  los  Condes)  in 
the  i)ro]ier  jilace,  though  "  C.  de  Arenas  "  is  too  far  south.  He  also  du- 
plicates Cape  Cod. 

J)r.  Dee's  ini|)ul)lishe(l  m.a])  of  1.580.  now  in  the  Hritish  Museum,  does 
not  follow  IMercator  in  his  outline  of  the  New  England  coast,  but  copies  his 
error  ill  imttiiig  "arrecifes"  (Ca|)e  Cod)  east  of  the  Norumbega,  though 
showing  Sandy  Hook  and  the  liay  of  Kundy  in  their  ])ro[)er  places. 

Jjok's  map  of  15.S2  shows  Sandy  Hook  as  "  Caienas,"  but  puts  Claudia 
east  of  what  was  intended  for  Norumbega,  tlius  reflecting  the  mistake  of 
Mercator. 

In  I.OH;)  Hakliiyt's  friend,  Stephen  JJellinger,  of  Rouen,  sailed  to  Cape 
Breton,  and  then<e  coasted  south-westerly  six  hundred  miles,  which  would 
have  taken  him  near  Ca|)e  Cod.  He  "  lia<l  tralicjue  with  the  people  in  tenne 
or  tweliie  ])laces."t  llakluyt  says,  using  the  term  in  the  sense  of  exjiloring, 
that  he  "discouered  very  (liligeutly  cc.  leagues  towardes  Norumliega,"  the 
latter  term  being  used  in  a  loose,  way.      He  doubtless  saw  Cajie  Cod. 

lielliiiger's  eiiterjirise  scemr  '  to  stir  up  the  men  of  St.  .lohii  de  Luz, 
"  who  sent  laste  yeie  to  soiliciti;  die  Frenelie  Kingt^aml  his  C(Mmsell  to  plante 
there."t  This  explains  why  (Josnoldiii  1(J()2  found  in  New  Kngland  "eight 

some  words 


;ay.' 


i^y 


*  SiM'  till'  pxiilinmfiiiii  of  tlicsc  cnnrs  i 


Vciva/iiiKi  till'  I^xpliiivr,"  p.  Ho. 


llaUliivt's  "  Wcsiiiiio  I'lamniu,"  in  tlic  Maine  Cull.,  .•sur.  2.  vol,  ii.  pp.  26  and  84 
KilillMl  Ijy  Cli.ilirs  Dciuiu.  I.L.I). 
t  Wosienic  I'liuiiiiiv',  W\. 


iiiid  Ni'.'iis  tlicv  rnuilc.  tliiit  some  T5,is(jiip.s  of  St.  John  do  Liiz  Iiavo  (Isliod  or 
tiiiilnl  in  lliis  iiiacc.'y 

W(!  liiid.  liowcviT,  tliat  tlin  old  imips.  witli  all  llicir  conventionalisms,  wcro 


'ttrr  than  tiiu  lali 


idiicti 


th. 


|irii(iiicti(ins.  inasniiK'ii  as  tiify  i'i'|ii'csi-ntc'(l  actnal  snr- 
vcys.  while,  on  the  other  hand,  many  modern  niajjs  stood  Cor  ihcD'-ics.  ]t  is 
a>-iirin^,  iherefore,  al  this  st.ii.'c'  of  iIk^  <lis(Mission,  to  he  aide  to  reier  to  map 
XII  [.  of  Kinistman's  atlas,  liearin;^  the  date  of  1.V,I2.  and  showing',  in  their 
|iiii|ier  ]iiKitions.  "C.  de.  las  arenas."  sometimes  eallcfl  C'a|)(!  "  I'eilro," 
"  C.  de  las  Saxos,"  a  misspelliiiy;  of  Ilaxos,  and  the  well  known  IJay  of 
'■  t'ondes."  This  map  was  tin;  work  of  an  Knglishnian,  as  tiie  iiiscriiitioii 
reads.  '•Thomas  Hood  made  this  ])latte.  ].)'.)2." 

Jn  1. ■)',);!  the  '•  Specnlvm  Oiliis  Terra-"  of  de  Toilo,  printed  at  Antwerp.f 
eontaine<l  a  small  man.  showiirg  sonth  of  Cape  Ureton  "  ('.  de  I.exns,"  the 
misspelled  ••  Uaxos."  evidently  taken  from  -Mereator.  AVhat  .appears  to 
have  heen  intended  for  Sandy  Hook  is  marke(l  "  e.  de  s.  Helena,"  luit  the 
map  is  distorted,  and  the  liay  of  Kiindy  is  not  mentionecl. 

In  IT)!)?  Wytflii't's  work  contains  a  ma|)  with  coast  lines  aceording  to 
IVIereator,  the   map  beinj;  repeated   in   the  edition   of  KSn.'i.^:     Tl 


'C.  Ha 


of  Sandv  Ho(dv  is 


iiid  ••  Cap   Hondo"  in  their  i)roper  relations,  hut  tho 


itted.     ISIereator.  however,  is  corrected  as   re- 


^1" 


Its  J 


>axos.  wnieli  IS  ini 


t  south-west  of  the  I'enohseot.  in  it 


s  pro]ier  ])laee  ; 


thouich  that  i;('Of;rapher  is  followed   in   his  error  wl'.ieh   maile  the   Gulf  of 


Maine  eonnnenee  at  Sandv  Hi 


stead  of  Ca|)e  Cod. 


Jiinsehoten.  in  l.")yH,  is   foimd  uivinj,'  an  accurate  description  of  the  main 
divisions  of  the  coast  under  consideratimi.  thouj;h   In;  does  not  appear  to 


have  attracted  notic 


H. 


iaxos  oni 


hnndi' 


makes  the  distance   fr 
il 


om 
red  .and  sixtv  miles,  and  tiajnci!  to  the 


Hio   Fundo   to   C; 
Hnd 


son  one  liuiu 


pe 
Ired 


miles.!?  Linschoten's  work  was  jaihlislied  in  Dutch  and  Kniilish,  and  was 
found  in  every  naviLrator's  hand.  With  Linschoten  hefore  him,  Ilnilson,  in 
Hiil'.l,  could  lay  no  claim  to  tht^  discovery  of  the  river  wliich  hears  his  name. 
The  next  maj)  that  claims  attention  is  that  ])rojecte<l  hy  Wrij.'ht  and  cn- 
j;raved  hy  Molyneux  in  IGOtl.  This  ina|i  is  celehratcul  as  heing  the  "new 
map  "  referred  to  hy  Shakspere  in  "  Twelfth  Night  "  (Act  iii..  s.  2).||  Tho 
map  shows  the  iidluencc  of  the  English  who  had  colonizeil  Virginia,  and  indi- 
cates also  that  new  ideas  had  heen  accjuired  respc'cting  New  England.  This 
is  verv  evident  from  a  comparison  f)t'  the  map  with  a  ylohe  made  hv  .AIolv- 


neiix  eiirlit  vears 


bef. 


Tin 


dohi 


pects  New   Eniilaiid,  follows 


the  school  of  INIercator  and  Ortelius,  placing  Claudia  far  east  of  the  "  Gr.and 


liay,"  intended  for  I'enohseot    liay.     Jhit  in   the  map  of  l('>ltO, 


di 


]ilaeed  near  1 1*'  N. 
Claudia.     New  Ei 


iliile   the  I'enohseot,  as  the  "  \l.  (iraial."  lies  east  of 
nd  is  reduced  to  an  island  hy  a  narrow  strait  running 


w 


*  Miis«.  ("oil.,  .■?  s.  viii.  Si).  Tlio  vi<it(irs  wore  incorrectly  supposed  liy  a  recent  writer  to 
liavo  tii'on  Kii^'lisli.     Mi\  -^e  rell.,  vnl,  vil.  p.  KtS. 

t  Tlio  only  copy  ot'tliis  cilitloii  of  ile  To'lc  luiown  to  the  writer  is  in  tlio  I'lililic  Lilirnry 
ol'  Geneva.  SwItziMiaml.     It  lines  not  appear  to  have  any  place  in  onr  lie^t  hililioirraphies. 

+  Till'  editions  of  loi»7,  IjUS  and  l(i03,  luyether  with  Magnin's  French  edaion,  Itill,  pnt 
all  the  latitndcs  too  hi^ii. 

^  "  I'niin  the  point  of  Itacratan  to  the  Imy  of  the  rliier,  arc  70.  miles,  fro  the  Imy  of  tho 
Uincr  to  tlie  hay  de  los  Ilos,  70.  miles,  frointlience  to  Rio  Kinnlo  70.  miles,  from  thence  to 
Cape  liiiNo  Kid.'  miles,  and  aiiain  to  the  riuer  of  Saint  Anthonv,  lOU.  miles."  "  JJiseonr.s  of 
Voyau'cs,"  liook  il.  p.  21;,  cd.  l.)!W. 

II  That  ShaUspci-e  rcfcrrecl  to  this  map  appears  to  have  liecn  snirf-'csted  first  hy  the  Into 
Mr.  I.enox,  it,  IS')!),  when  writin;;  his  introiluction  to  .Mr.  Mulligan's  "  de  Iii^nle  "  of  .Syl- 
lacins.  Mr.  Lenox  posscfsed  one  of  the  three  liuowa  copies  of  the  nnip,  lately  given  in 
facsimile  bv  the  Uukluyt  Societv. 

'2 


8 


from  the  St.  Lawrinrn  and  nppiiiii!;  on  tho  Now  Eii_<;I:»ii(l  coast  in  latitude 
40,°  as  on  the  ni;!])  of  Lok.*  At  Uu;  niomli  of  tliis  sj^rait.  in  Molynciix's 
map,  "  C.  do  fiauuis,"  or  Stn^  Capo,  is  laid  down.  "Claudia,"  or  lUock 
Island,  heiuil  opposite  ;  thus  idi'iitilyini;  tho  "  Stag  Capo  "  with  Capo  Cod, 
so  called,  perhaps,  for  the  first  time,  though  the  nani(!  wa.i  every  way  ap- 
propriate on  aeooiint  of  tlu!  ahundanec;  of  door.  Far  eastward,  lieyond  tho 
Bay  of  "  Meuan,"t  is  a  larjre  hay,  evidently  intended  for  the  Hay  of  Fun- 
dy.  Southward  of  Cape '•  (lauias  "  is  the  Hudson,  "  H.  do  S.  Antonio," 
though  Sandy  Hook  is  poorly  doliuoatod.  Thi;  iniproveuient  of  the  map  of 
Molyneux  over  his  gloho  of  1")'.):^  is  very  siguilieaut  and  instructive. 

The  "  now  mai),"  as  well  as  tho  work  of  I.insohoten.  nuist  have  heen  in 
the  hands  of  Hartholouiow  CJosnold  when  lie  sailed  on  his  voyage  in  1(102. 
This  hrings  us  to  the  reputed  "  Discoverer"  of  Cape  Cod.J  and  rt^calls  tho 
fact  that  Mr.  Bancroft,  in  speaking  of  (josnold,  says.  '•  Cape  Cod  was  the 
lirst  spot  in  Ni'W  Fngland  ever  trod  hy  Englislnnen."S  This,  nevertheless, 
is  uutruo.  as  other  JOnglishnien  were  on  the  coast  of  New  Fngland  long  be- 
fore. Nor  is  it  prohahle  that  (iosnold  was  tho  lirst  Fnglishnian  who  landed 
upon  the  Cape.||  Still,  (iosnold  is  |)opularly  credited  as  tho  "  Discoverer." 
Upon  what,  thou,  is  his  claim  based?  Tho  answer  has  already  been  given, 
as  the  Cape  had  been  well  known  to  googniphers  ever  since  the  time  of 
A'errazano  and  (iomez.  Under  the  circumstances,  the  advancement  of  Gos- 
iiold  in  this  connection  is  a  little  curious. 

Firstofall.it  should  be  noticed  that  Gosnold  m.ide  no  claim  for  him- 
self. It  is  simply  recorded  that  he  gave  the  present  name  to  the  Cape. 
On  the  other  hand  noe:irly  writer  made  iiny  claim  on  his  behalf.  It  is  true 
that,  in  100'.).  when  Hudson  was  on  the  coast,  Juot.  his  pilot,  wrote  in  tho 
journal,  "  This  is  that  iieadland  which  Captaini?  liartholomow  (Josnold  dis- 
covered in  the  year  1()02.  and  called  Capo  Cod. "IF  .lu(!t,  however,  uses  this 
word,  not  in  the  modern  sense,  but  simply  to  convey  the  idea  of  exploration 
or  survey.  This  was  the  common  use  of  the  word  in  Fnglisli.  In  tho  con- 
tinental languages  it  was  employoil  in  the  same  way.  The  failure  to  appre- 
ciate this  fact  has  led  to  blunders.**  \'erra/an()  says  that  he  "  discovered  " 
(discnj)erfo)  countries  that  all  tho  world  know  wore  discovered  in  tlui  mod- 
ern sense,  that  is  found,  many  years  before.  Thus  also  liarlow  '•discov(!red" 
Virginia  in  l.").Sl,  at  a  time  when  tho  region  was  already  famous  ;  whih^  tho 
Dutch  in  1(114  "discovered"  portions  of  New  England  well  doi>i('ted  in 
the  published  French  maps  of  Kidl)  and  Kil."!.  All  siu;h  writers  as  jMourt 
(Morton),  Smith,  Bradford,  IJosier  and  Josselyn,  nse  the  word  "discover" 
in  the  sense  of  to  explore  or  survey.     Hubbard  kept  up  the  usage,  and  its 


•  Allofonsce  was  of  tlic  opinion  tliat  tlio  Penoliscot  ran  to  tlip  St.  I.a\v:'pnoo.  See,  iilso, 
Lnk's  map  in  "  Vorrnzinio  tlic  l''.xpl<nTr,"  and  In  "  Divers  Vova^'es."  Smith  pnilialily  ro- 
lencd  i;>  ilirs  fualnie  ()rM()lyiieiix',<  map  wlicre  lie  siiys  tliat  "New  Enfrland  is  uo  Island." 
"  Advertisements,"  p.  '20. 


gone 
that 
.luo 

lislu 

II 

gull 

on 

HaJ 


9 

ponnr.al   sigiiificntion   was  always  understood.     Jiiet  simply  meant  to  say, 
that  tliis  wiis  tlio  licadLuul  wliicli  (iosnoid  (.'xaniinod.     If  he  Iiad  said  more, 
tluet  would  have  proved  that  he   was  badly  iid'ornicd  coneernin^'  the   pub 
lishcd  maps  and  relations. 

In  this  coiineeiii/n  tiie  elaims  of  the  Dutch  have  never  been  attended  to 
sullicicntly.  Let  us  hear,  therefore,  tlio  re|)ort  of  the  IJoard  of  Accounts 
on  New  Xetherlands,  datt^l  iJec.  !.'>,  1014,  taken  from  the  arcliives  at  tho 
li;n;ue.     It  is  said  : 

"  New  Netherland,  situate  in  America  between  Englisli  Virj^inia  and 
New  Kuiihind,  extendinjf  from  the  South  river,  lying  in  iJ  IJ  degrees,  to 
CajK!  Malabar,  in  tiie  latitude  of  41 J  degrees,  was  tirst  fre(|uente<l  by  tlio 
inhabitants  of  this  country  in  the  year  l.V,)8,  and  especially  by  those  of  the 
(Jreeiiland  Company,  but  without  making  any  fixed  settlements,  only  as  a 
sheiler  in  the  winter.  For  which  purpose  they  erected  on  the  North  and 
South  Rivers  there  two  little  forts  against  the  incursions  of  the  Indians."* 

.Mr.  Urodhead  puts  this  statement  in  a  foot  note,  and  says  that  "it  needs 
con(irmation."t  The  conlirmation,  however,  is  at  hand,  though  it  is  not 
found  exactly  when;  one  would  look  for  it.  Neverthehiss,  Bradford  says, 
in  liis  letter  to  Sir  Ferdinando  (Jorges.  of  Jmie  1.'),  1027,  that  the  Dutch 
ou  the  Hudson  "'have  useil  trading  there  this  six  or  seven  and  twenty 
years,"  adding,  they  "  have  begun  to  plant  thereof  later  time."t  Urad- 
ford  was  certainly  competent  to  speak  on  this  subject.  He  lived  in  Holland 
iu  KiOH,  and  thus  had  opportunities  for  becoming  acquainted  with  Dutch 
enterprise,  while  his  own  interests  would  prevent  him  from  making  any  over 
staleuient.  It  nnist  be  concede<l,  therefore,  that  the  Dutitli  were  thus 
early  at  the  Hudson  ;  and,  as  the  way  homo  lay  along  Capo  Cod  towards 
the  baidvs  of  Newfoundland,  they  nnist  have  bt.'en  familiar  with  the  region. 
The  Hudson  was  their  central  point  for  the  trade  in  jieltry,  and  thence 
tlu'y  ranged  the  coast  far  and  wide.  They  did  not  pui)lish  their  operations, 
which  would  have  defeated  their  plans,  but  they  went  back  and  forth  (juietly 
collecting  their  gains,  l)eing  (tontented  with  the  solid  profits. 

If  any  additional  ('vidence  were  wanted,  it  could  be  found  in  connectloa 
with  .\llefonsce,  who  was  on  tiie  coast  near  the  year  liH'2.  In  his  narra- 
tive it  was  described  as  "  a  cajie  which  is  high  lan<l,  and  has  a  great  Island 
and  three  or  four  small  ones."  The  reference  here  appears  to  be  the  Eliza- 
beth group,  possibly  in  connection  witli  Nantucket.  Eastward  of  tlio 
Cajie  was  the  River  of  Noiiimliega,  and  south-westerly  was  the  Hudson, 
'•  a  great  river  of  fresh  water,"  in  front  of  which  lay  Sandy  Hook,  deseribe<l 
as  an  "  island  of  sand."§  AUefonscc  kiunv  well  the  "  mighty  headland  " 
of  Gosnold,  wIku'c  "Highland"   Light  now  stands. 

Regarding  (iosnold  himself,  it  is  clear  that  ho  understood  the  situation 
when  he  came  upon  the  coast.  As  tho  "Concord"  approached  the  ter- 
minus of  the  Ca|ie.  Archer  wrote  : 

"  The  fifteenth  day  we  had  again  sight  of  land,  which  made  ahead,  be- 
ing as  we  thought  on  an  island,   by  reason  of  a  large  sound  that  api)eared 


»  N.  Y.  Cof.  Doc,  i.  \i'J. 

t  llistiiiv,  i.  35. 

I  M,i<s.  Coll.,  iii.  .'57.  Tho  Diitili,  fi  )wcvcr,  i«  1721,  licsitated  to  "  impcacli  llio  riijlits  of 
till'  l'',ML;lisli."    Col.  M'-!.,  vol.  I. 

j;  A  full  ropy  of  till'  iiiiiiiiiscript  of  AlU'foii'^cp,  so  far  ft<  it  relates  to  Amerlea,  was  inado 
I'ortlii'  wiitor  niKleillii'  Mipeivi^ioii  of  tjn'  |;ite  M.  D'Avi'zac;  ami  a*  lie  liopes  some  ilay  to 
piiMllsli  the  liMii^latioii,  Ilir  siilijci't  !•.  here  .-imply  toiielieil  upon.  The  extraots  already  piil<- 
iished  were  drawn  iVoiii  ttie  eopy  thus  obtained,  '  This  extraet,  however,  is  from  the  piiutej 

HOlk. 


10 


westward  botwopn  it  and  tlio  miiin,  for  coniiiii;  to  tlie  wost  end   tlicruof, 


did 


KM'CL'ivt!  ;i  lai'Ltc  (incninu:.  we  caliid  it  Slma 


il  \h 


A''aiii  liu   says,   dm   iIic   tui'iitv-tiiM,  w  liiii' ('(la^tiinr  almii;  lln' "UiNiili' i)t' 


the  Cai)0  to  tin;  souliiwaid,    that  tlicv 


'  eiiil 


)f  tl 


riial   lili'V    .-ll|)|in>(M|    to    lie    ti 


h;  watci'   takiMi   lor 


al'i;!;  soiiiiil 


ami 


tJK 


II! 


iKiiralivi!   savs, 


that  fiiidiiiii  "  tliei'e  wuio   but   tliroc   I'atlii 


a  Icaiino   oil',  wo   oiiiittod   to 


lu; 


litii  I'lirtlter  (li.seoveiT  of  tiio  .same,  ualliiig  it  Slioal-lIo|)L'."t 


lint   wiiv  iliil  tlicv  applv  tlio  iiaiiu!  o 


III 


Kii-st,  wjiv   did 


'J'i 


ic  answer    is  at  liaud 


III  til 


aiiiiiiaw  ot 


they  use  tiio  word  "  llnpi' 
tliat  |)ciiod,  tin;  term  '•  lli 
tills  was  addc'd  another  and  a    i;eoi;i'a|)liii'al  nieaninu',  lieiiiji  ei|iiivaleiit  to  an 


indeed    had  its  inodern   si^iiilicalinii,   Imt  to 


opeiiiiij,'  in  til 


ills 


'I'lie  term,  as  used  in   the  narrative,  had  a  donlile  sii; 


iiilication,     Gosnold  was  on  llu;  lookout  for  a   passage  throii^ili  tin;  land    to 
tlio  liidios.     As  late  as    Klliil   tlio   land   scparaliiiij  tlio   Atlantie   rnnii   tlio 
Paeitic  was  supposed    to   In;  only  ahout  two  linndred  and  lifly  iiiih^t    wide, 
leii  Gosnold  saw  the  open   water,   lie    tlioui,dit    lie    had    what,  in   inodern 

III   tin;   tracts  appended    t(. 


"SVl 


])arlaiiee,  is  soiiietiines    ealleil   ••  a  fair   sliov 

the  narrative  of  Ciosnold'.s   voyaj,'e,  ainoiit,'  tin;    reasons  ur^ed  in   iavor  of 


iidnct,  us   to   tin.'    lio|ies 


exploration  was,  that  some   voyai,'e   would  yet 

that  men  do  icicedily  thirst  after,"'  and  to  a   '•  way  to  Ik;  made  part 

land  and  part   hy  rivers  and  lakes  into  tin;  Sdiith  .Sea  unto  Catli.iy.  (' 

iiiii 


1  those  passiiiir  rieh  eoniitries  lyiiii;  in  the  east  parts  of  the  world. 
Ilakluvt,  il.  settiiii'  forlli    "  Inducements'"   tor  the  vov: 


and   12 
a  ^reat 


dof^rees  of  latituile,"  appended  to  lireretoii.  mentions  as  his  fifth 
possiliility  of  further  ili>covei'ies  of  other  reirions  from  the  north  part  of  the 
sanKi  land  liy  sea,"   thus  i.'ivin;f  the  traile  to  tin;  Indii's. 


as  the  lieantifiil  dream   of  ( io 
ivlien  at  New  York,  in  llilK,  wl 


lid  and    all    the  men   of  his   tiini'. 
■e  Hudson  v.ainlv  searched  in  Kjiil), 


l)e 

fondly  iielieved  that  he  had  reached  the;  gateway  to  the  east.  It  was  every 
way  tittinu,  therefore,  to  call  what  appeared  to  he  a  water  gate  tliroiigli  the 
land  a  "Hope."     Tlu!  term   was  pcrleetly   intelligible  to  the  i;eoi;rapliers 

Ilope'i'     This   leads  to  the  slateineiit 


of  the  time.      Hut 


th< 


,Sli, 


that  (iosiiold    seenuMl    to    know   his  uronnd  :  as   bcfoii;    any   sho.d    water  is 


iiientione(l  he  applies  the  name  o 


f  ••  .Sir 


lb 


il. 


alter   the   shal 


water  is  found  he  confirms  tlienain(>.  It  woiiM  appear  that  Ik;  had  the  iireaC 
shoal  in  mind,  and.  knowing;  that  he  was  near  it,  employed  the  ei|iiivaleut 
of  the  IJaxos  that  In;  had  seen  on  the  maps  of  A\'yt(liet,  and  n;ad  about  on 
the  English  pa!,'e  of  Liiischoteii.  Others  hail  foiiiid  nothing;  to  boast  of  or 
to  assure   their  eoiiraife   in   [•assiin;  idonif   this   iei;ion,  but  it  would  seem 


almost  as  iliou 


,-n  (J 


jiosnolif  desired  to  signalize  his  vi>it  to  tlii 


iiectiiii;  it  with  somethin;,'  in 


ni|Ui 


At  I 


s  place,  liy  eon- 


east  we  oiler  the  siii^^esiion. 


That  he  knew  his  |iosition  is  evident.      He   had   come    fiuth  mi  this 


yoy- 


aue  witli  tlie  letter  o 


f  \-. 


rrazano  in  his   hand,^   and   was  in  search  of  the 


■i;ioii  where  the  Island   if  liiiisa  lav,  uii  island 


wfiicli,  as 


aiiilia,     was 


depicted  near  the  Cape  of  (jamas  on  the  map  of  Molynen.x.  It  was  the 
'•.■.ituatiiin  in  fourtic  degrees"  that  Carli^h;  doired  to  colonize  in  ir^HS-H 
Jt  was  the  i'\aet  rcLrion  that  Sir   lliimphrev  (Gilbert  sailed  for  on  his  fatal 


•  Miiss.  Coll.,  SOI'.  .■;,  vol.  viii.  p.  71. 

t  lliiil.  p.  7.).     I  Mtir  11  "  Siiiiiul  "  WHS  called  "  GosiiuM's  IIopo." 
J  '■  Vi'i-ni/.aiii)  Ilic  l-'.,\|ili>nT  "  p.  .'i?. 

^^  ,SiT  till'  piiinf  ill  ihr  lti;i;|si  la!,  IS7S.     Als'n  note  llic  fait  tlint   Arrlicr  s])onUs  of  the 
(li  ■•inuiiiii  III'  ilii'  viiyii;,'c  as  "  uur  pinposcil  plaw."    ilas.".  Coll.,  s.  3,  vol.  viii.  p.  7a. 
II  Uakln.vl.iii.  181. 


11 


voyn^o.  This  IliiUliiyt  deflarcs  wlioii  lie  jiiirits  upon  (lu>  n)ai';:in  of  liis 
J)ml;i'  wliirli  iclcrs  to  (  l.niiliii,  "•  Tlic  cipiiiitri'y  dl'Sir  II.  (i.  \'(i\muc.'*  Tlio 
old  "Niilis"  of  \'('i'r';i/aiio,  llii-rclorc,  crops  out  in  coiiiicctioii  with  tht! 
hopi!  of  :i  roiitc!  to  till!  opulent  Cathay  throu;;h  what  is  now  tlici  tL-i-iitoiy 
of  Massachusutts.f  lie  f;avo  tlio  name  of  Cape  Coil  to  tin;  cape.  |)ossil)ly, 
in  a  merry  mood,  as  the  cod  took  so  readily  to  his  hait.  liiailford  gives  a 
toleraiihi  /v',s'/////e'of  the  suliject  when  he  writes: 

'•  A  wonl  or  two  liy  y^'  way  of  this  eapc  ;  it  was  thus  liist  named  li\  Cap- 
ten  (iosiiold  mid  his  coinpaMy.  An":  I<iii2.  and  alter  liv  Capten  Smith  was 
eaied  Cape  .lames  ;  Imt  it  retains  y''  former  name  anioni;--!  sea-men.  Also 
y'  p.iint  whieii  liist  siiowed  those  daUL;eroiis  shouids  unto  llu'in.  tiu'y  ealleil 
l'oint(!  Care,  and  Tucker's  Terrour  ;  hut  hy  y''  French  and  Dutch  to  this 
tlay  call  it  -Malaharr,  hy  re;isoii  of  those  perilous  shouids  and  ye  losses 
they  liav('  sutU-red  there."t 

liut  lhou;;h  tin;  Kn<;lisli  sailors  I'llislied  the  name  t;iven  hi'  (losnold.  it 
did  not  inimedialcly  pa>s  into  ncoyrapliy.  In  KiU.'l.  W'ylllict  pulili>lii-d  ano- 
ther edition  of  his  work,  as  .alicaily  olisei'Vcd.  containiiii;'  tin;  map  of  |.V.)7, 
with  the  Cape  indicated  as  "  liaxos,"  and  in  its  prop<;r  place,  in  oppo.-itiou 
to  .Mercator. 

In  KilJ.')  Champlain  came  to  the  Cape,  and  he  says  that  he  named  it 
"  Cape  lilanc,"  sin(;e  it  contained  sands  ami  dunes  which  had  a  white  ap- 
]iearan(;e.S  On  oni;  of  his  ma[)s.  howevei',  he  calls  it  '•  C.  Maileiiare.''  the 
had  shoal,  or  Ua.xos. 

In  HlliM.  tin;  Ffisrirrlrs  ft'('(ii/rii/)/iicrs\\  lays  down  '"  C.  Haixo"  where 
Cape  Cod  should  lie,  while  the  '•  I'>.  ile  cnseieida  "  or  liay  <if  Fundy  stands 
in  its  proper  jiosilion  hetweeii  '•  liaixo  "  and  Cape  "  de  Breton."  Where 
tin;  Umlson  should  iippear  there  is  an  indication  ot  haliit.itions,  and  a  river, 
wilh  the  word  "  Comakce."  Sandy  Hook  is  not  founil  under  any  name; 
while  the  name  of  that  Cape,  '•  (le  las  Ai-enas."  is  attached  to  the  i'ej:ion 
of  Capui  Iiatt(;ras,  with  X'irjiiniau  n:imes  standing  northward  of  it.  No 
n(;w  I'jii;li>h  map  had  apptariMl  sinci;  that  of  llIOO;  tliou:r|i  tin;  next  year 
Lescarlidt  pulili-hcd  his  Xoiiri'iri'  Fraiirc,  with  a  map  ot  the  coast,  giving 
Cape  (,'od  feebly  detined  as   •'  Maleliarie." 

In  1  (Kill,  after  landing  on  Cape;  Coil,  and  passing  a  night  enl:ingled  in 
the  ancient  15axos,  Henry  Hudson  went  southward  and  reached  tin;  Hud- 
son. All  his  niovenn-nts  indicate  that  he  knew  of  the  river  previou>ly 
thriiugh  Smith,  and  that  his  oliji;ct  was  to  explore  with  reference  to  a  rouie 
to  the  Inilies.'l 

Magnin,  in  I  (11 1 ,  pays  no  attention  to  (jlosnolil,  and.  to  illustrate  his  text, 

•  '■  Li>v ...  Vi>yii^'o«,"  \\.C,\.  II;ikliivt  (.'Iciirly  Know  lliut  .Mc-rcator  save  tlio  wnm;;  lati- 
tmlo  a.-  wi  II  as  wniii.i;  iiaiiic  tii  llio  I-laiiil. 

t  Till"  strait  passiiiL,' "(-^nvai-il  IVniii  {':i|ic  Ciaiiias  was,  |)iis.~llily,  siijru'i'stoil  liy  I.oiil,'  Islaiiil 
.Siainil,  Vilm-li  tia.l  'ir>t  liooii  o.xploiod,  and  wliitli  nii;,'lit  liavo  iiooii  rosaiiloil  as  niiiiiiiis  to 
tlio  Si.  I.awioiu-o. 

;  Ma«>.  Coll.,  s.  I,  vol.  ill.  11.  77.  \^  (I^iivi'i-;,  ii.  01. 

II  "  l''as(irvlvs  f;oiii;iV|iliii-vs  Ciiiniili'otons  |ira'cipvnrvni  Toiivs  orM-  Uouhiiiiini  taliii'.i.i 
clri'ltor  cc'iiliini  vna  oinii  o.iniiiiloiii  l';iiari-atiunilai>,"  \c-.  Cdlii  ain  Itiiii  iioy  Inliaii  lliix- 
omailior.     MDCVIII.  tiil.  ,sl. 

1!  Tlio  Oiitoli  tlioiiiM'lvos  cloc-larc  that  IIiiiNiin  propiiMi'  nvo  tliliij.'s  ti>  his  orow,  tlie  first 
el'  wliioli  WIS  til  "piiioooil  nil  tlio  latiniilo  iif  40  ilourois  tn  llir  rni-t  nl'  .Aiiicri.  a,  lioiiif' 
rlil;'llv  iiiiAoil  111  ilii.  hv  lolto|-»  ami  cliaits  wliioli  eiio  Captain  Siiiilli  liail  foiit  liiiii  irciiii  ^'i^- 
(.'iiiia."  N.  Ycirlv  (;ell..'s.  i.  viil.  ii.  p.  liilll.  .Inn,  llio  pilut.  iiiii-t  liavi'  h  nl  tlio  k'ltor  et'  Vor- 
razaiici  liolijio  liini  in  Ilalilnyl's  vii>iiin.  as  was  ilio  oaso  with  Glenoid,  .iintsays,  "Tlio 
l.ind  i>  voi'v  ploa-aiit  and  lii^'li,"  and  Vorrazano  savs  "a  vory  pIcaNint  plaoo  ainuiii:  o'T- 
taino  .•^toopo  liillos  ";  and  w  lido  I  lie  loiiuor  spoalyi  el' tlio  liarlior  as  •'  an  upon  soa,"  and  "  n 
^•iiod  hiiriiiiiii- fill- all  windo-."  tlio  lattor  says  it  was  a  "  ploasant  lake."  and  ••  woll  I'uiisoil 
roiii  llio  wiiido."     A>lior's  llud.-uii,  p.  7S,  and  "  Uhoi's  Voyugos,"  p.  03. 


^ 


13 


iisos  a  m:i]i  like   tlirtt  of  1003.      ^IcrMtnr's   <loiil)lo   roprrsoiitation  of  tlio 


Isl:iiul  of   l^diii 


iiiidiT   llif   naliK's   <) 


f  "Vl: 


I! 


stil 


rctaiiii'd  anil  |mt  ill  latitude  1 1°.  east  of  tii(.'  Puiiohscot ;  l)\it  eastward  of 
tliu  I'ciioliscot  is  "  ('a|)  Hondo."  or  Cape  S.iMi'.  inti'iidi'il  for  tlu;  inoutli  of 
the  llav  Ilniid(j;  while  in  a  south-westerly  diieetioii,  whoro  it  belongs,  is 
'•('.  I'.aixo."* 

Ill  ICil;!  Champlain  iiulilislied  his  work,  hut  paid  no  atlention  to  (ios- 
iiold.  IIcmIucs  not  even  iiuntioii  him.  The  Duteli  '•  Figiir.ative  map  "  of 
Kill.  )ir>t  shows  Cape  Cod  fairly  delineated,  hut  the  map   remained  unpuh- 

Tlie    Kii'dish  surveys  arc  iie^  indicated,  though 


lished  until  reeeiit  ti 


V 


relicll  IIMIIK 


■s  translated  into  Dutch  are   taken   from  ficsearhot  and  Chain- 
plain.     This  map  fe|)reseiits   «renuiiie  \vork  !iy  the   Dutch,   who  e.xamiiied 
the  cape  i:arcfu!ly.  and  called    I'lymonlh  Ilarlmr  "Crane  l>ay."t     On  thi.s 
1  Cape  Coil  is  ••  Si.iten  hoeck,"  ami  .Sandy  Hook  is  "  Sandpunt."     "  C. 


in:i 
.M; 


illi'iiarnt  "    is  attached  to  the  shoals  <int  at  sea. 


W 


Cape  Ci;d  does  not  appear  in    any  piililishecl   map  ".'!  Cape  Cod  until    Sir 


ham 


Alexander  piihlished  hi-;  map  in  11121. 


Th 


lan  d 


(les  not  nu 


hide 


the  rei,'ion  oi   Sandv  Hook,  tlioU'di  the   !> 


if  Fiindv   is  called  '•  Ariral's 


l!ay."t  'l"he  ma]is  of  New  England  made  hy  the  English,  however,  did  not 
prove  very  seivice.ilile  to  some  navigators.  When  olf  tlu!  Cape,  in  lOO"), 
AVaymouth's  chronicler  says.  '•  We  found  our  sea  charts  very  filse.  putting 
land  where  none  i-.'S      (iosnold,  it  wouM  aniiear.  did  not  iiii|irov(i  the  car- 


tolorv. 


TI 
t  h 


h    Smith  directeil    IInil>on  lo    search   in  latitude  40°  N.,  on 
very  emohatie.  siiyini' : 


this  point  lie  IS 

••  I  have  had  six  or  seaueii  plats  of  tlio.-e  Northern  ]iarts.  so  vnlike  eaeli  to 
otliei'.  and  most  so  ditl'ering  froii'  any  true  proportion,  or  resemhlaneo  of 
the  Count  icy,  as  tliey  did  me  ,io   more!  good,  then  so  much    waste  paper, 


tlioiiirh  they  cost  nie  more, 


Smitl 


I,  111  Ins  own  ma 


Ihi 


Ci 


■•c 


.h 


p,  p 


.lijlish 


LtilC, 


IMie  Mercator 


,f  H 


oiidins.  in  li'il'.l.  ii'iioi'eil  the  explorations  of  Gosnolil 


and  Cliainplain,  but  they  ])ut  the 


the  I'eiioliscot.  Hondius  thus   correclinu    his  master,  wliil 


lit  IJaxos  ill  its  pro|)er  place   west  of 


C.  Hondo' 


ipplie(l  to  the.  region  of  tlii!  Hay  of  Fiindy.     The  latitudes  on  this  map  cor- 


spei 


id    with  Mercator's  of  li')()',l,  and   dissent  from  those  of  Wvtiiii't  and 


Magniii.  which   put   Claudia  near  -11"  W.     Another   map   from    Hondins, 
,'iven  liv  I'urchas  in  I  (i2."),  corresponds  with  the  representation  of  Haxos  in 


Kil'.l.      Ill  ll 


me   voliiuu!  I'lirch 


a  map 


if    New  V. 


iiLrlanil.  which 


was  an  im|irovenient  upon   Ah  xander's,  and  wiili  Caiie  Coil  well  delineated 


ill  the  modern  wiiv,  and  wiili  it- 


jiresent  name, 


Coming  to  the  year  I  (!.").'},  we  tind  that  the  Mercatorof  Ilondius  dismiss38 
llaxo.s  to  the  limlio  of  geographical  aiitiipiities.     The  word   had  done  its 


'  llistiiiro  Viiivorsello  ilos  Imlcs  Oa'iilfiit,ilc 


L'ln  Kill,  ji.  9.i. 


A  '.)(jvnv  :  Clicz  l'"i\inr()is  Fiibri. 


+  This  \v;is  iiroliiilily  tlip  work  of  Di'  Wilt  .'iiiil  Vuli  kcrt-'i'ii.  nf  "  ilio  l.lttlc  Fox"  nnil 


'  ilii'  CniiH',"  ill   lOlH.     HniillicM.r 


York,"  viil.  i.,  iii;il  iMc.  lli-t.  N    Yiirk,  i.  lit 


New  Yiirk,"  |i.  4ii  ;iiiil  7')'.    O't'Mlla^'liiin's  "  Now 


^  Mj 


.  C.jII. 


lIL'l,  Ills  lll:i|is   williollt  r.lpo  ('ml. 


:t.  viil.  viii.  ]\.  l:!l.    It  may  liooli 


I'.iuoiiraf.'i'iiii'nt'',  p.  2\ii. 
'd  lure,  ihut  1)1!  Brv,  ill  lUl!)  niid 


Sini 


til.  i"  lii-  1) 


icscTipiiijii  or  Ni'w  Kiifrlaiiil,  l.onilun,  iniCi,  nf'tcr  siiciikiiii.'  of  the  work 


ill'  (;.].-in)lil.  ^y:lvlnc)llt1l  mill  oiIht-,   siv 


1  iinist  I'litniu  ili'iii  III  pariloM  mo 


if 


I  oH'i'IhI  ill  .-aviii;.'  that  tlii'ir  tr li'soriptioiis  aro  cuie'calcil,  or  iii,ii.,r  will  olisorvoil,  or  ilioil 

Willi  tlio  Authors;  so  tliat  liiis  (,'oasL  is  yot  still  liiit  ouoii  as  a  Coast  vukiiowim  and  viidis- 


iilornl. 


iiiil.  p 


V,  riL'rinu's,  iii.  Sj;-"):),  and  v  .'.  iv.  p.  IgT-l.  In  the  anMvors  Coiind  in  llio  "  One  Iliiiidrpd 
rri/.o  Qiio-tions"  (.Montreal,  IHSD),  the  name  of  the  Hay  of  Knndy  is  ineorrootly  deduced 
fioiii  '■  loud  do  la  U.ilo  l''iaii(;oi.so."    Sou  "  Voirazuiio  tiio  Jixiiluror,"  yi.  aS. 


la 


work  for  tlio  linip.  ami  Gosnold's  term,  "  Cm]io  Cdd,"  siinorsodcd  all  oilier 
names.  Neveitlieless,  "Cal)o  <lo  IJaxos"  is  now  drawn  out  of  its  ()lir.cu- 
rily  and  sent  fortii  into  tiie  world  to  perform  a  duty  too  lonj,'  delayed,  ami 
to  witness  to  tile  lionoi'alile  and  adventurous  activity  of  men  wlio  laavi'il 
the  daimer  of  Verrazano's  '■  sirtis  "  half  a  eentiiry  beloru  Jiartliolomew 
(jlosn(dd  coasted  our  ruirged  shores. 

It  will  lie  seen  from  the  fore^'oin:;.  that  certain  natural  divisions  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  were  observed  at  an  early  period,  and  that  these  divisions  were 
maintained  by  the  best  historians  ,'ind  cartojirajihers.  The  Bay  of  New 
York  was  always  made  very  |)rominent  on  the  maps,  because  it  was  well 
known.  The  Hudson  was  never  lost  sij;ht  of.  That  Antonio  was  the  IIuil- 
son,  is  sim]dy  indisputabjt^*  As  Cape  Cod,  thouijh  not  outlined  on  the  inafis, 
bud  its  pluci',  so  tlu!  Kio  de  San  Antonio  always  stood  soutii  of  it,  and  north 
of  Arenas,  emptyiui;  into  llu;  liay  of  Christovall.  Oviedo,  (iomara  and 
others  eonimonce  the  ArehijielaLto.  or  -.'ulf  of  JIaine,  )i(irlli  of  Haxos,  laying 
down  the  [toints  minutely;  so  that  when  the  outline  of  (,'a])e  Cod  was  de- 
(iiu'd  on  the  iiiaps  Ari'iias  held  its  old  place.  Tiie  Fiuni-ativi!  map  gives  one 
iUustration  of  this.  Sandy  Hook  was  never  merijed  in  Cape  Cod.  There 
was  nothing  about  the  latter  in  ancient  times  to  Justify  the  a|)plication  ><f 
"Arenas."      Its  sandy  aspect  is  an  accident  of  modern  days. 

For  the  confusion  that  has  prevailed  in  eonneetion  with  this  subject,  wo 
are  largely  indebted  to  Mercator,  who.  following  IJamusio  and  (Jastaldi, 
adopted  the  wrong  latitudes  drawn  by  tiiem  from  the  .AIa|)  of  Veirazano, 
and  thus  duplicated  Lnisa  ( IJlock  Island)  as  ••Claudia"  and  ••  ISriso."  placing 
both  too  far  east,  though  ••Claudia"  is  in  the  right  latitude,  being  laid  down 
according  to  Verrazano's  Letter.  Again,  in  runnin.i  his  c:)ast  line  from 
Cape  Ar(!nas,  he  turned  northward,  instead  of  proceeding  eastward,  cutting 
away  a  large  portion  i>f  New  England,  and  eonniieneing  the  archipelago  of 
Oviedo  at  Arenas.  Tln^  weight  of  bis  name  gave  cuirency  to  this  blunder 
and  various  other  geographical  aliortions  for  more  than  half  a  century,  thu.s 
well  nigh  stereotyping  the  confusion.  Yet  after  all  he  laid  down  Cape  de 
*' Lexus,"  as  stated,  in  its  proper  latitude,  thougii,  as  the  Sketch  Map  shows, 
east  of  Norumbega,  which  by  his  blunder  was  thrown  three  degrees  too  far 
sontli.  Dr.  Kohl,  who  knew  very  well  that  the  Hudson  was  Antonio,  iuid 
Arrecelis  Cape  Cod,  evidently  felt  that  JSIercator  had  erre<l,  but  lie  could 
not  say  in  what  the  error  consisted,  and  stood  looking  upon  the  "  Lexus  "  of 
]\Ier(!ator  puzzled  ;ind  confused,  ami  ])utting  a  note  of  interrogation  after 
the  word.f  Dr.  Kohl  had  never  seen  the  Map  of  \'i'rrazaiio,  while  Cabo 
de  Haxos  is  not  found  in  his  b(jok.  Yet  this  word  gives  the  key  to  the  early 
Cartology  of  New  England,  for  which  key  the  antlior  is  indebted  cbielly  to 
liinsehoteii ;  thougli  be  regards  the  >Map  of  Verrazano  as  the  head  and  crown 
of  the  cartology  of  the  North  Atlantic  coast. |  \'ei-razano's  ••  C.  della  Hii- 
Hon  "  was  never  lost  sight  of  down  to  lO'i'i,  when  the  work  of  the  modern 
Coast  .Survej'  was  fairly  inaugurated  by  Ca|)tain  .Ions  of  the  ship  '•  Disco- 
very," who  ill  that  year  un<l(M'took  to  •"discovere"  or  survey  the  ancient 
15a.\os,  styled  '•  y'  .S'lioulds  of  Cai)e-Cod."§ 

*  liiuuToft  voici's  tlic  oiiini'iii  of  cnrtOf:nii)lieis,  wlion  he  says  that  tlio  lluilsnn  was  nnmod 
Hio  San  Aiitimii)  in  Imnor  nf  the  Saint.     Si Sailing  Uu-cclions  of  llt'in-y  Hudson,"  p.  60. 

t  Miini'C'oll.,  ^2.     Vol.1,     pp  4!)  and  Hi)0. 

X  The  author,  at  the  outfit,  ipu'.-tioncd  the  cxistcnco  of  .1  Vcrraznnn  Map,  .ind  aficr  in- 
fpoclin;;  the  idiotou'iaplis  frit  that  it  was  of  little  aci'oiuit.  Mr  was  olilij;oil,  howovcr,  in  the 
face  of  prijudicr,  to  modify  his  views  at  every  .••tep,  his  lu-ogrcss  being  iudiciiled  by  the  rc- 
viseil  version  of  his  Vcrm/.nno  discussions. 

^  Diadford's  History,  p.  127. 


